A note from Warp

We’re super excited to present the results of our inaugural State of the CLI survey. A heartfelt thank you to everyone who participated and spread the word! The overwhelming response from Warp and the broader developer community underscores the significance of the command line in today’s development world.

With this survey, we delved into the evolving tools and practices of the command line, striving to present our findings in a clear and accessible manner. Recognizing that each developer brings a distinct touch to their terminal usage, our intent was to highlight diverse approaches while uncovering dominant trends, best practices, and shared collective pain points in the process.

We recognize a strong representation from the Warp community in our sample. While this offers insights into how Warp users use the terminal, it also introduces a bias. Thus, these results may not reflect the preferences of the wider terminal and developer communities.

For a comprehensive explanation of our survey design, processes, and demographics, please see our methodology blog post.

Now, let’s dive into some of the key takeaways

The gap between CLI usage & proficiency

We polled our respondents about their terminal usage frequency and juxtaposed it with a self-assessment of their proficiency.

The terminal is an indispensable tool for a vast majority (69%) of our respondents, with it consistently open as a primary tool in their workflow. Conversely, only a mere 2% reported infrequent or no use, emphasizing the terminal’s pivotal role in modern workflows and the significant demand for command line tools.

However, when it comes to self-assessing their proficiency with the CLI, a more modest sentiment arises. Despite the frequent usage, only a fraction (19%) consider themselves as “experts.” The larger share of respondents feel they possess an intermediate (39%) or advanced (40%) understanding of the CLI.

This disparity highlights the intricate nature of the terminal and CLI. Regular users continually stumble upon new aspects to master and skills to sharpen. The findings hint that while the terminal is foundational for many developers, there exists a gap—whether in education, confidence, or tool discoverability—that impacts their self-perceived mastery.

Terminal preferences

We asked respondents their primary, secondary, and tertiary preferences for terminals.

Given the population surveyed, it’s no surprise that Warp dominates as the most popular primary terminal.

However, it may be surprising to some that the embedded terminal in VSCode has surpassed iTerm2 or even the default MacOS terminal for many developers.

The prominence of the MacOS terminal as a third-choice can be attributed to its presence on MacBooks. The Warp community skews heavily toward daily Mac users.

Terminal usage patterns

We surveyed developers about their main tasks in the CLI, common challenges they face, and their customization preferences for their terminal environments.

Code management, system navigation, and everything in between The terminal proves essential for common tasks such as compiling and running code, version control, navigating file systems, managing packages, and accessing remote servers. Less frequently, the respondents turn to the CLI for system monitoring and production debugging. Though, with such a broad spectrum of use, it’s no surprise that certain challenges arise.

Command complexity: The primary challenge with the CLI Remembering or using complex terminal commands emerges as a major challenge for 70% of respondents. Meanwhile, fewer face issues with package management (12%) and task automation (14%). Could it be that developers are turning to AI tools within their terminal to mitigate these workflow challenges?

Aesthetics, readability, and layouts matter

The terminal isn’t merely a functional tool; it’s a canvas for every developer. 86% customize their terminals with themes & colors, while 70% show an affinity for fine tuning fonts. Respondents also place high value in multitasking and organization, with 62% emphasizing the importance of layouts, like split panes and tabs.

Note: Features like mouse actions and split panes are only available in certain terminals (like Warp) by default, whereas in other terminals you need to install it as a plugin. As such, not all respondents may be aware of these features, and their less-known status could skew their appeal.

Shell preferences & personalizations

Zsh is the shell of choice, followed by bash and fish

Zsh tops the list as the most widely used shell among respondents, with 69% preference. Its popularity could be linked to its advanced features and customization capabilities using plugins like Oh My Zsh, in addition to its recent adoption as the default shell in macOS Catalina. Trailing behind but still robustly rooted is bash, claiming 17% of users. Its significant presence can be traced back to its long history as a default shell in numerous systems.

Aside from these, a select few respondents use fish, PowerShell, and Nushell (released in 2019).

The 3% who chose "Whatever is default" might represent a segment not deeply invested in shell customization.

Tailoring the shell experience

Three shell customization features dominate: autocomplete, aliases, and themes. This trio illuminates what developers prioritize in their shells: efficiency, user-friendliness, and an appealing visual interface.

On the other hand, keybindings is favored by a notably lower percentage of respondents (30%). This disparity may hint at a gap in the discoverability of these features, suggesting there’s still unexplored potential in shell customizations.

Different toolkits for diverse tasks

As we dive deeper into developers’ terminal habits, we uncover the CLI applications and tools they frequently employ.

Commanding favorites: Git, npm, Homebrew and niche apps From the list of 50 prominent CLI applications, Git, Npm, and Homebrew emerged as the top three, highlighting the prevalence of version control, package management, and software installation tasks in the respondents' terminal workflows.

It's essential to consider that all CLI applications are not used equally. Some are niche-specific, like Kubernetes, Terraform, and Ansible, catering to particular roles such as DevOps or system administration. Lower usage of certain applications doesn't necessarily indicate less popularity; it might simply point to a more specialized use case or legacy status.

Making the terminal more beautiful and powerful

At the forefront of CLI customization, 'Oh My Zsh' stands out, capturing 64% preference due to its potent combination of adaptability and compatibility with ssh. It’s expected that the most popular terminal customization is a tool that allows for more ssh customizations.

Within this vast landscape, tools like Neovim, Bat, and Starship emphasize the coexistence of text editing, enhanced visual outputs, and adaptable command prompts. Yet, the dominance of a single tool in any niche is rare.

This spectrum of tool choices underscores a central sentiment: the terminal is not just a workspace but also a canvas. Each developer intricately crafts their environment, selecting tools that seamlessly blend with their unique workflows and aesthetic sensibilities.

The emergence of AI in the terminal

Respondents weighed in on their use of AI tools in the terminal, specifically discussing Warp AI, GitHub Copilot for CLI, Fig AI, and CLAI from IBM.

AI is beginning to establish a foothold

Given that most respondents in the sample group are Warp users, it's unsurprising that 53% use Warp AI as their primary tool in the terminal. GitHub Copilot for CLI follows as the second most popular AI tool, capturing 11%. Among those who utilize AI tools in the terminal, command suggestions (52%) and generation (46%) stand out as the primary use cases, with various others trailing.

Undoubtedly, there could be other AI tool applications in the terminal that remain undiscovered.

However, 40% of respondents indicated they do not use any AI tools in the terminal. While many are keen to explore these AI tools, a segment remains hesitant due to reservations about their utility, awaiting organizational approval, or simply not seeing their value.

Future of AI in the CLI: Intelligent commands, task automation, debugging, and more?

Looking forward, respondents believe AI and automation will predominantly influence intelligent command generation and suggestions (41%), followed by the automation of repetitive tasks (22%). Debugging and improved error detection (15%) are also viewed as promising avenues for AI's impact.

Yet, there's a palpable caution. A significant 9.7% of users express no intention to integrate AI tools into their terminal operations in the near future.

Learning about the CLI: Resources developers trust

Even with AI on the rise, Google & Stack Overflow maintain top spots

Google and Stack Overflow continue to be self-reported as the top CLI learning resources, each favored by 62% of users. Even amid reports of Stack Overflow's waning usage, its significant relevance persists. Interestingly, over half the respondents rely on technical documentation for accurate and current information. One interesting call out: emerging AI tools like ChatGPT (ranked 5th), are on the rise. However, they still have ground to cover to match Google’s wide-ranging search capabilities.

AI tools like ChatGPT, ranked fifth, show growth potential, but Google's traditional search continues to dominate, thanks to its broad, comprehensive coverage.

Survey respondent overview

This report collates responses from 1,520 developers, primarily from the Warp community, surveyed between June 14 and July 14, 2023. Below is an overview of their specialization areas, company affiliations, professional experience, and other demographic details.

There is a strong skew towards experienced developers with 76% having 3+ years of experience and 49% with 6+ years of experience.

A couple of quick notes on other notable data points:

• Operating System: 81% use MacOS for development
• Primary Device: 77% rely on laptops, while 22% use desktops
• Tech Employment: 84% identify their company as a “tech” company
• Job Titles: 56% identify as Software Engineers, 10% as Technical Leads, with others holding roles ranging from SREs to CEO/CTO/CIOs, data specialists, and system administrators.
• Employment Status: 71% are in full-time roles, 11% are students, and the remainder are either contractors, self-employed, or part-time employees.
• Geographical Distribution: Europe and North America lead with 38% and 35% respectively. Other respondents reside in Southern Asia, South America, and Eastern Asia.

Conclusion

While this survey offers a snapshot of 2023, the dynamic nature of technology ensures that trends will continue to shift. We may see increased adoption of AI tools, further personalization in terminal usage, and possibly even new, disruptive tools that reshape the CLI landscape.

We're excited for what lies ahead. As developers continue to push boundaries, refine workflows, and introduce innovative tools, the terminal will likely remain a consistent, yet ever-evolving, cornerstone of this journey. Warp remains committed to staying at the forefront of these changes, championing the needs of our community and the broader CLI user base.

Learn about the survey methodology

Learn about the process behind the State of the CLI survey, the methodology, and areas of consideration for future editions.